| 1950-10 |
At the same time as Japan Airlines began their domestic service, we launched our in-flight catering and tea services at Fukuoka Airport. |
| 1950-10 |
October, 1950 At the same time as Japan Airlines began their domestic service, we launched our in-flight catering and tea services at Fukuoka Airport. |
| 1950-12 |
Launched our confectionery and bakery business in Katakusu, Fukuoka as Royal Bakery Co. Ltd. |
| 1950-12 |
December, 1950 Launched our confectionery and bakery business in Katakusu, Fukuoka as Royal Bakery Co. Ltd. |
| 1951-10 |
Started onboard meal service and café operations at Fukuoka Airport simultaneously with the launch of Japan Airlines domestic flights. |
| 1951-12 |
Started confectionery and bakery business in Kenkasu, Fukuoka City, and established Royal Bakery Co., Ltd. |
| 1953-11 |
Opened the Royal Nakasu restaurant (currently known as Hananoki) in Higashi Nakasu, Fukuoka. Royal LLC established. |
| 1953-11 |
Opened the restaurant "Royal Nakasu Main Store (currently Hana no Ki)" in Higashi Nakasu, Fukuoka City, and established Royal Co., Ltd. |
| 1953-11 |
Openened the Royal Nakasu restaurant (currently known as Hananoki) in Higashi Nakasu, Fukuoka. Royal LLC established. |
| 1954-02 |
Joe DiMaggio and his wife, Marilyn Monroe, visited Royal Nakasu restaurant. |
| 1954-02 |
Marilyn Monroe and the couple Joe DiMaggio visited the Royal Nakasu Main Store. |
| 1955-02 |
Started manufacturing and selling ice cream. |
| 1956-05 |
Launched our ice cream manufacturing and retail business. |
| 1956-05 |
Established Royal Co., Ltd. (capital 1,000,000 yen) in Higashi Nakasu, Fukuoka City. |
| 1956-06 |
Formulated "Royal Management Basic Philosophy". |
| 1959-11 |
Opened "Royal Shintencho," the origin of family-type restaurants, in Fukuoka Shintencho. |
| 1962-09 |
Adopted a central kitchen system (concentrated cooking method) and started manufacturing commercial frozen dishes. |
| 1963-04 |
Opened an ice cream factory in Shimowajiro, Fukuoka. |
| 1963-04 |
Built an ice cream factory in Shimo Wajiro, Fukuoka City. |
| 1969-09 |
Opened an ice cream factory in Shimowajiro, Fukuoka. |
| 1969-09 |
Completed the new headquarters and factory (Royal Center) in Naka, Fukuoka City, and transferred all departments. |
| 1970-03 |
Had a booth in the America zone of the Osaka World Expo as a foreign outlet. |
| 1970-03 |
Participated as a foreign store in the American zone of the Osaka Expo. |
| 1971-12 |
Opened the first Royal Host restaurant in Kurosaki, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka. |
| 1971-12 |
Opened the first suburban family restaurant Royal Host in Kurozaki, Kitakyushu City. |
| 1973 |
Opened the first highway restaurant inside Kanmon Expressway Mekari PA. |
| 1973 |
The first Shake's pizza restaurant, born in America, opened in Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo. |
| 1975-11 |
Established OG ROYAL Co., Ltd. (currently known as ROYAL FOOD SERVICE Co., Ltd.) |
| 1975-11 |
Established Aussie Royal Co., Ltd. (currently Royal Food Service Co., Ltd., a current consolidated subsidiary). |
| 1977 |
Opened the first Royal Host store in the metropolitan area in Mitaka. |
| 1978 |
Opened at New Tokyo International Airport (now Narita International Airport) |
| 1978-08 |
Listed on the Fukuoka Stock Exchange. |
| 1978-08 |
Listed on the Fukuoka Stock Exchange. |
| 1979-07 |
Listed on the Second Section of the Osaka Securities Exchange. |
| 1979-07 |
Listed on the Osaka Securities Exchange Second Section |
| 1981-08 |
Listed on the Second Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. |
| 1981-08 |
Listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange Second Section |
| 1982-08 |
Opened our Tokyo head office (currently our Tokyo headquarters) in Sakurashinmachi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo. |
| 1982-08 |
Established Tokyo headquarters (now Tokyo main office) in Sakura-shinmachi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo |
| 1983 |
Open the first |
| 1983-06 |
Promoted to the first section of both the Tokyo and Osaka Stock Exchanges. |
| 1983-06 |
Designated on the Tokyo Stock Exchange First Section and Osaka Securities Exchange First Section |
| 1983-10 |
Established our Tokyo Food Facility (currently Tokyo Food Facility #1) in Takase-cho, Funabashi-shi, Chiba. |
| 1983-10 |
Built Tokyo Food Factory in Takase-cho, Funabashi City, Chiba Prefecture |
| 1987-09 |
Established Royal International Air-Catering Co., Ltd. (currently known as Sojitz Royal In-flight Catering Co., Ltd., a consolidated subsidiary). |
| 1987-09 |
International Air Catering Co., Ltd. (now Sojitz Royal Inflight Catering Co., Ltd.) established |
| 1988-08 |
Kansai Inflight Catering Co., Ltd. (now Sojitz Royal Inflight Catering Co., Ltd.) established |
| 1989-03 |
Established R&K FOOD SERVICE Co., Ltd. (currently known as ROYAL FOOD SERVICE Co., Ltd. a consolidated subsidiary). |
| 1989-03 |
R & K Food Service Co., Ltd. (now Royal Food Service Co., Ltd.) established |
| 1989-09 |
Opened a food court at the Asia-Pacific Expo |
| 1989-11 |
Ten-don Tenya's first store opened in the Yaesu underground mall at Tokyo Station |
| 1990-09 |
Completed reconstruction of head office and factory (Royal Center) in Naka, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka. |
| 1990-10 |
Established ROYAL MARRIOTT & SC Co., Ltd. (currently known as ROYAL CONTRACT SERVICE Co., Ltd., a consolidated subsidiary). |
| 1993-04 |
Opened the first Royal Host restaurant in Taiwan.(February 2022 contract termination) |
| 1994-02 |
Opened the first Royal Host restaurant in Taiwan.(February 2022 contract termination) |
| 1994-09 |
Started in-flight catering services along with the opening of Kansai International Airport.(currently known as Sojitz Royal In-flight Catering Co., Ltd.) |
| 1995-04 |
Established JAL ROYAL CATERING Co., LTD. in partnership with Japan Airlines to supply in-flight meals at Narita International Airport. |
| 1998-01 |
Entrusted with management of a restaurant at the Nagano Winter Olympics. |
| 2000-03 |
Made Kansai Inflight Catering Co., Ltd. (now Sojitz Royal Inflight Catering Co., Ltd.) a consolidated subsidiary |
| 2000-03 |
Made KANSAI IN-FLIGHT CATERING Co. LTD. a consolidated subsidiary.(currently known as Sojitz Royal In-flight Catering Co., Ltd. ). |
| 2002-04 |
Made OZ Royal Co., Ltd. (now Royal Food Service Co., Ltd.) a consolidated subsidiary |
| 2002-04 |
Made OG ROYAL Co., Ltd. a consolidated subsidiary. |
| 2004-07 |
Made RNT Hotels Co., Ltd. a consolidated subsidiary |
| 2004-07 |
Made RNT HOTELS Co., Ltd. a consolidated subsidiary. |
| 2005-04 |
Founder Masakazu Egashira passed away |
| 2005-04 |
Kyoichi Egashira, our founder, passed away. |
| 2005-07 |
Transitioned to a holding company system and changed the company name to Royal Holdings Inc. |
| 2005-07 |
Switched to a holding company and changed our company name to ROYAL HOLDINGS Co., Ltd. |
| 2005-11 |
Made Isetan Dining Co., Ltd. (now Royal Contract Service Co., Ltd.) a consolidated subsidiary |
| 2005-11 |
Made ISETAN Dining Co. Ltd. (currently known as ROYAL CONTRACT SERVICE Co., Ltd.) a consolidated subsidiary. |
| 2005-12 |
Related company R&K Food Service Co., Ltd. (now Royal Food Service Co., Ltd.) acquired business from Kirin Dining Co., Ltd. and became a consolidated subsidiary |
| 2005-12 |
Acquired R&K FOOD SERVICE Co., Ltd., (currently known as ROYAL FOOD SERVICE Co., Ltd.) an associated company, from KIRIN DINING Co., Ltd. and made it a consolidated subsidiary of ROYAL HOLDINGS Co., Ltd. |
| 2006 |
Ten-don Tenya achieved a total of 200 stores worldwide |
| 2006-06 |
Made Ten Corporation (now Royal Food Service Co., Ltd.) a consolidated subsidiary |
| 2006-06 |
Acquired R&K FOOD SERVICE Co., Ltd., (currently known as ROYAL FOOD SERVICE Co., Ltd.) an associated company, from KIRIN DINING Co., Ltd. and made it a consolidated subsidiary of ROYAL HOLDINGS Co., Ltd. |
| 2006-06 |
Made TEN CORPORATION (currently known as ROYAL FOOD SERVICE Co., Ltd.) a consolidated subsidiary. |
| 2007-04 |
Made Sentresta Co., Ltd. (now Royal Contract Service Co., Ltd.) a consolidated subsidiary |
| 2007-10 |
R&K Hotels Co., Ltd. changed the name of the hotel it operates to Richmond Hotel |
| 2007-10 |
Made TEN CORPORATION (currently known as ROYAL FOOD SERVICE Co., Ltd.) a consolidated subsidiary. |
| 2007-10 |
Renamed the hotels managed by RNT HOTELS Co., Ltd. to Richmond Hotel. |
| 2008 |
Opened the first Royal Garden Cafe store in Kita-Aoyama, Tokyo |
| 2008-07 |
Made Fukuoka Catering Service Co., Ltd. (now Sojitz Royal Inflight Catering Co., Ltd.) a consolidated subsidiary |
| 2008-07 |
Renamed the hotels managed by RNT HOTELS Co., Ltd. to Richmond Hotel. |
| 2008-07 |
Made Fukuoka Catering Service Inc. (currently known as Sojitz Royal In-flight Catering Co., Ltd. ) a consolidated subsidiary. |
| 2009-01 |
Fukuoka Catering Service Co., Ltd. succeeded the in-flight meal business of Royal Co., Ltd. and changed its name to Fukuoka Inflight Catering Co., Ltd. (now Sojitz Royal Inflight Catering Co., Ltd.) |
| 2009-01 |
Made Fukuoka Catering Service Inc. (currently known as Sojitz Royal In-flight Catering Co., Ltd. ) a consolidated subsidiary. |
| 2009-01 |
Fukuoka Catering Service Inc. took over the in-flight meal business from ROYAL HOLDINGS Co., Ltd. and changed its name to FUKUOKA IN-FLIGHT CATERING Co., LTD. (currently known as Sojitz Royal In-flight Catering Co., Ltd. ). |
| 2010 |
Opened the first Cowboy Family store in Nerima Ward, Tokyo |
| 2011-03 |
Started support activities related to the Great East Japan Earthquake |
| 2011-03 |
Fukuoka Catering Service Inc. took over the in-flight meal business from ROYAL HOLDINGS Co., Ltd. and changed its name to FUKUOKA IN-FLIGHT CATERING Co., LTD. (currently known as Sojitz Royal In-flight Catering Co., Ltd. ). |
| 2011-03 |
Started support activities for the Great East Japan Earthquake. |
| 2012 |
Started Silver Healthcare business |
| 2013-03 |
Opened the first Standard Coffee store in Akasaka |
| 2013-03 |
Kansai Inflight Catering Co., Ltd. received the QSAI 2012 World Wide Platinum Award (now Sojitz Royal Inflight Catering Co., Ltd.) |
| 2013-03 |
Started support activities for the Great East Japan Earthquake. |
| 2013-03 |
Opened our first Standard Coffee shop in Akasaka. |
| 2013-07 |
Introduced stock benefit trust (J-ESOP) |
| 2013-07 |
KANSAI IN-FLIGHT CATERING Co., LTD. (currently known as Sojitz Royal In-flight Catering Co., Ltd. ) won QSAI’s 2012 top award (Worldwide Platinum Award). |
| 2013-10 |
First in the restaurant industry to obtain the "DBJ Health Management Rating" |
| 2013-10 |
Tendon Tenya opens its first franchise store in Southeast Asia |
| 2013-10 |
Introduced the stock grant trust (J-ESOP). |
| 2013-10 |
Ranked in DBJ‘s “Health Management Rating System“, first in the restaurant industry. |
| 2014 |
Opens Japan's first "Pink Berry" store in Odaiba, Tokyo |
| 2014-03 |
JAL Royal Catering Co., Ltd. begins onboard meal service at Haneda Airport |
| 2014-03 |
Opened the first franchise store of Tendon Tenya in Southeast Asia. |
| 2015-02 |
Boat House Ohori Park opens inside Ohori Park, Fukuoka City |
| 2015-02 |
JAL ROYAL CATERING Co., LTD. started supplying in-flight meals at Haneda Airport. |
| 2015-04 |
Royal Host expands into Okinawa Prefecture |
| 2015-04 |
Opened Ohori Park Boathouse in Ohori Park, Fukuoka. |
| 2015-07 |
Fukuoka Inflight Catering Co., Ltd. operates onboard meal factory in Okinawa (currently Sojitz Royal Inflight Catering Co., Ltd.) |
| 2015-07 |
Opened the first Royal Host restaurant in Okinawa prefecture, in Aeon Mall Okinawa Rycom. |
| 2015-08 |
Royal Co., Ltd. installs a halal food production line at Fukuoka Central Kitchen, with four types of meal boxes obtaining halal certification |
| 2015-08 |
FUKUOKA IN-FLIGHT CATERING Co., LTD. (currently known as Sojitz Royal In-flight Catering Co., Ltd. ) opened an in-flight meal factory in Okinawa. |
| 2015-08 |
ROYAL Co., Ltd. established a manufacturing line dedicated to Halal meals and its four types of meal boxes acquired Halal certification. |
| 2016-01 |
Royal Contract Service Co., Ltd. acquires and merges with Centrestar Co., Ltd. |
| 2016-01 |
ROYAL Co., Ltd. established a manufacturing line dedicated to Halal meals and its four types of meal boxes acquired Halal certification. |
| 2016-01 |
ROYAL CONTRACT SERVICE Co., Ltd. merged with and absorbed CENTRESTA Co., Ltd. |
| 2016-04 |
First in the restaurant industry to obtain "DBJ BCM (Business Continuity Management) Rating" |
| 2016-04 |
ROYAL CONTRACT SERVICE Co., Ltd. merged with and absorbed CENTRESTA Co., Ltd. |
| 2016-04 |
Acquired “DJB BCM (Business Continuity Management) Rating” for the first time in the restaurant industry. |
| 2016-06 |
Supports activities following the Kumamoto Earthquake |
| 2016-06 |
Acquired “DJB BCM (Business Continuity Management) Rating” for the first time in the restaurant industry. |
| 2016-06 |
Initiated support activities for the Kumamoto earthquake. |
| 2016-07 |
Kansai Inflight Catering Co., Ltd. acquires Fukuoka Inflight Catering Co., Ltd. and changes its trade name to Royal Inflight Catering Co., Ltd. (currently Sojitz Royal Inflight Catering Co., Ltd.) |
| 2016-07 |
Initiated support activities for the Kumamoto earthquake. |
| 2016-07 |
KANSAI IN-FLIGHT CATERING Co., LTD. (currently known as Sojitz Royal In-flight Catering Co., Ltd. ) merged with and absorbed FUKUOKA IN-FLIGHT CATERING Co., LTD. |
| 2016-12 |
Tendon Tenya achieves 200 stores domestically and internationally |
| 2016-12 |
KANSAI IN-FLIGHT CATERING Co., LTD. (currently known as Sojitz Royal In-flight Catering Co., Ltd.) merged with and absorbed FUKUOKA IN-FLIGHT CATERING Co., LTD. |
| 2016-12 |
Kansai Inflight Catering Co., Ltd. absorbed Fukuoka Inflight Catering Co., Ltd. and changed its name to Royal Inflight Catering Co., Ltd. (now Sojitz Royal Inflight Catering Co., Ltd.) |
| 2016-12 |
Achieved 200 TENDON TENYA outlets globally. |
| 2017-02 |
Certified as a "Health & Productivity Management Organization 2017 (Large Enterprise Division) - White 500" by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and Japan Health Conference |
| 2017-02 |
Achieved 200 TENDON TENYA outlets globally. |
| 2017-02 |
Ten-don Tenya achieved a total of 200 stores worldwide |
| 2017-02 |
Recognized under the 2017 Certified Health & Productivity Management Outstanding Organizations for large enterprise category, established by The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Japan Health Council. |
| 2017-04 |
Establishment of a joint venture between Keisei Electric Railway and Royal Holdings, Keio & R Hotel Development Co., Ltd. |
| 2017-04 |
Recognized under the 2017 Certified Health & Productivity Management Outstanding Organizations for large enterprise category, established by The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Japan Health Council. |
| 2017-04 |
Established K&R Hotel Development Co., Ltd., in partnership with Keisei Electric Railway Co., Ltd. |
| 2017-04 |
Certified as a 'Health Management Excellence Corporation 2017 (Large Enterprise Division) – White 500' by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Japan Health Conference |
| 2017-08 |
Supports activities following the Northern Kyushu heavy rain |
| 2017-08 |
Established Kei & R Hotel Development Co., Ltd., a joint venture between Keisei Electric Railway and Royal Holdings |
| 2017-11 |
Opens "GATHERING TABLE PANTRY Bakurocho" in Nihonbashi, Tokyo |
| 2017-11 |
Support activities for the rainstorm at northern Kyushu area. |
| 2017-11 |
Opened the R&D cashless restaurant at Nihonbashi Bakurocho, Tokyo.(Closed in 2020) |
| 2018-04 |
Fully acquires Chowders Co., Ltd. |
| 2018-04 |
Opened the R&D cashless restaurant at Nihonbashi Bakurocho, Tokyo.(Closed in 2020) |
| 2018-04 |
Acquired Chowders Corporation as consolidated subsidiary. |
| 2019-01 |
Royal Airport High-Speed Food Service Co., Ltd. (now Royal Contract Service Co., Ltd.) acquires Chowders Co., Ltd. |
| 2019-01 |
Acquired Chowders Corporation as consolidated subsidiary. |
| 2019-01 |
Made Chawders Co., Ltd. a wholly-owned subsidiary |
| 2019-01 |
ROYAL AIRPORT HIGHWAY FOOD SERVICES Co., Ltd. (currently known as ROYAL CONTRACT SERVICE Co., Ltd.) absorbed Chowders Corporation. |
| 2019-03 |
Keio & R Hotel Development Co., Ltd. opens Keisei Richmond Hotel No.1 in Monzen-nakacho, Tokyo |
| 2019-03 |
ROYAL AIRPORT HIGHWAY FOOD SERVICES Co., Ltd. (currently known as ROYAL CONTRACT SERVICE Co., Ltd.) absorbed Chowders Corporation. |
| 2019-03 |
Opened the first Keisei Richmond Hotel in Monzen-Nakacho, Koto-ku, Tokyo |
| 2019-03 |
Royal Airport Express Food Service Co., Ltd. (now Royal Contract Service Co., Ltd.) absorbed Chawders Co., Ltd. |
| 2019-12 |
Launch of the full-scale deployment of the home-use frozen meal "Royal Deli" |
| 2019-12 |
K&R Hotel Development Co., Ltd., opened its first Keisei Richmond Hotel Monzennakacho. |
| 2020-02 |
Start of operation of Highway Royal Co., Ltd. |
| 2020-02 |
Started new frozen meals business for household use. |
| 2020-02 |
Highway Royal Co., Ltd. begins operations. |
| 2021-01 |
Royal Host Co., Ltd. merged with Co., Ltd. Ten Corporation and R&K Food Service Co., Ltd., and changed its trade name to Royal Food Service Co., Ltd. |
| 2021-01 |
Royal Airport Highway Food Service Co., Ltd. merged with Royal Contract Service Co., Ltd., and changed its trade name to Royal Contract Service Co., Ltd. |
| 2021-01 |
Acquired 50% shares of HIGHWAY ROYAL Co., Ltd., newly established by Seiyo Food-Compass Group, Inc in order to acquire the contract food service business operated in highway service areas and parking areas of SFCG. |
| 2021-01 |
ROYAL HOST Co., Ltd. merged with R&K FOOD SERVICE Co., Ltd. and TEN CORPORATION, and changed its name to ROYAL FOOD SERVICE Co., Ltd. |
| 2021-03 |
Signed a capital and business alliance agreement with Sojitz Corporation. |
| 2021-03 |
ROYAL CONTRACT FOOD SERVICE Co., Ltd. was merged into ROYAL AIRPORT FOOD SERVCE Co., Ltd. and ROYAL AIRPORT FOOD SERVICE changed its corporate name into ROYAL CONTRACT FOOD SERVICE Co., Ltd. |
| 2021-03 |
Concluded an agreement with Sojitz Corporation for a capital and business tie-up. |
| 2021-04 |
Certified as a Good Health Management Corporation in 2021 (Large Corporation Division) by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and Japan Health Conference. |
| 2021-04 |
Royal Inflight Catering Co., Ltd. became a consolidated subsidiary of Sojitz Co., Ltd. and a equity-method affiliate of our company, changing its trade name to Sojitz Royal Inflight Catering Co., Ltd. |
| 2021-04 |
Concluded an agreement with Sojitz Corporation to for a capital and business tie-up. Recognized as the 2021 Certified Health & Productivity Management Outstanding Organizations under the large enterprise category, by The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Nippon Kenko Kaigi. |
| 2021-04 |
ROYAL IN-FLIGHT CATERING Co., Ltd. became a consolidated subsidiary of Sojitz Corporation and an equity-method affiliate of the ROYAL HOLDINGS Co., Ltd. and changed its name to SOJITZ ROYAL IN-FLIGHT CATERING Co., Ltd. |
| 2021-05 |
Opened the first store of Butter Milk Fried Chicken Specialty Store "Lucky Rocky Chicken" in Musashikoyama, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo. |
| 2021-05 |
ROYAL IN-FLIGHT CATERING Co., Ltd. became a consolidated subsidiary of Sojitz Corporation and an equity-method affiliate of the ROYAL HOLDINGS Co., Ltd. ROYAL IN-FLIGHT CATERING Co., Ltd. changed its corporate name into SOJITZ ROYAL IN-FLIGHT CATERING Co., Ltd. |
| 2021-08 |
Established a joint venture, Royal Sojitz International Pte. Ltd., in Singapore through a joint venture agreement with Sojitz Co., Ltd. |
| 2021-08 |
Opened the first outlet of Lucky Rocky Chicken in Shinagawa-ku,Tokyo. |
| 2021-08 |
Opened the first outlet of Lucky Rocky Chicken in Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo. |
| 2022-02 |
Received partial exercise of new share subscription rights based on the above-mentioned capital and business alliance agreement with Sojitz Co., Ltd., which qualifies us as an affiliated company of Sojitz Co., Ltd. |
| 2022-02 |
Established Royal Sojitz International Pte. Ltd., a joint venture company with Sojitz Corporation, in the Republic of Singapore. |
| 2022-02 |
Established Royal Sojitz International Pte. Ltd., a joint venture company with Sojitz Corporation, in Singapore. |
| 2022-12 |
Moved from the First Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange to the Prime Market due to review of market classification. |
| 2022-12 |
Highway Royal Co., Ltd. (now Royal Contract Service Co., Ltd.) became a consolidated subsidiary through additional share acquisition. |
| 2023-05 |
Made Highway Royal Co., Ltd. a consolidated subsidiary through additional share acquisition. |
| 2023-05 |
A joint venture agreement was signed between Royal Sojitz International Pte. Ltd. and YOTEI PTE. LTD., establishing Royal Food Services (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. |
| 2024-01 |
Signed a joint venture agreement with Royal Sojitz International Pte. Ltd. and YOTEI PTE. LTD. to establish Royal Food Services (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. |
| 2024-01 |
Royal Contract Service Co., Ltd. absorbed Highway Royal Co., Ltd. |
| 2025 |
Royal Contract Service Co., Ltd. merged with Highway Royal Co., Ltd. |
| 2025 |
75th anniversary of the Royal Group's establishment. |
